The American military's actions against Venezuela, driven by oil interests and anti-American sentiment, have escalated tensions and raised concerns about international law and regional stability.On 3rd January of the 2026, the world peace has been settled by sound of huge explosion and loud sound of American helicopters over the sky of Caracas, the capital of Venezuela. Again set out the world peace.We all know that Venezuela is a Latin American country. Venezuela may not be a football superpower like that of Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay or even Colombia, but Venezuela has the world highest oil reserve. I am telling you that Venezuela has the world highest oil reserve. It has more oil reserve than any Middle Eastern state.That's why Venezuela is a state of global interest and global geopolitics. So Venezuela always has a key rule in world geopolitics, not because of its being a Latin American state, but being the world highest oil reserve that the Venezuelan state possess. Naturally, the America, the United States of America, the world military and economic superpower always desire that the Venezuela, a Latin American state should be in the American camp. We all know that the American continent was discovered by Christopher Columbus and European. Thereafter the European powers colonized the empire continent, the world longest continent. The Western European powers, mainly US, Britain and France colonized the northern parts of the North America, which later became Canada and United States of America. The Central America was colonized by Spain and Latin America was divided into two major powers. Two major powers were Portuguese and Spanish. So Brazil happened to be a Portuguese colony and other states were Spanish colony.So Venezuela is primarily inhabited by European immigrants, Mestizos and red Indians. So Venezuela is a Spanish speaking state and most Venezuelans are followers of Catholic Christianity. But in recent time, the Venezuela became the battle of United States of America. Especially when Venezuela was ruled by President Hugo Chavez, the Venezuela became the America's prime target.Hugo Chavez happened to be an anti-American leader.He openly said in a meeting of General Assembly of UNO where he addressed the American president, then American president George Bush as a monster. So President Hugo Chavez died and now Venezuela is again ruled by another anti-American president. Now Venezuela is a democracy or not? This is a debatable point, so I will not discuss.Tensions between the United States and Venezuela rose sharply in the late 2025 after the American Navy carried out a series of lethal missile strikes or torpedo strikes on boat in the Caribbean and Eastern Pacific, where the American official said that those boats were carrying drugs, narcotic drugs. So Latin America has has been the epic center of drugs mafias and the Americans allege that the Venezuelan state has been deliberately supplying drugs to United States to people its young generation. So many of these strikes were carried out along the Venezuelan coast.The operations publicly announced by American officials have resulted in the death of at least 95 persons and it triggered a harsh criticism from foreign governments.Even UNO criticized it.But today's strike have coincided with a broader United States military build up in the region, including large naval deployment in the Southern Caribbeans. When the Donald Trump became the president of India, the American naval assets were sent to the Southern Caribbeans to encircle the Venezuela and those boats impose quarantine against Venezuela. Donald Trump has been warning the Venezuelan president that American would strike and that exactly happened today. In early December, the American forces also seized a Venezuelan drink oil tankers of the country coast, an operation that further inflame tensions and drew sharp condemnation from Caracas, the capital of Venezuela. In this respect, I am also telling you that Venezuela is an anti-American state, but at the same time Venezuela happens to be a closest ally of Russia. So that is a big concern for America that the Russians are at the backyards of America. Since the days of Hugo Chavez, Russians have been supplying arms, ammunition, missile boats and other modern weapons or other military hardware to the Venezuelan state.After that tanker seizure, the situation intensified when on December 16, President Trump ordered a blockade of sanction oil tankers entering or departing Venezuela. So that meant the American Navy imposed a blockade to prevent any oil tankers either leaving Venezuela or entering into Venezuela. That almost amounts to the declaration of war.Now big question is why are tensions escalating between the two countries? Has the relationship between America and Venezuela always been a rocky? What has been Venezuela's response? Although the tensions between US and Venezuela have dramatically intensified after Donald Trump became the president of America for second times, the relationship has been strained for more than two decades, disputes over oil, the imposition of American sanction and increasingly authoritarian nature of Venezuela's political leadership.So from this observation, I can say you that Venezuela is not a democratic state.Rather Venezuela has been ruled by some president who might have been elected, but they act like dictators.And the Venezuelan dictators targets are always the USA. President Hugo Chavez was the main example of it. The President Chavez strengthened Venezuela's tie with American enemies.The American enemy states like Russia, Iran, Cuba at that time were his main allies.Under his successor, Nicholas Madurno, relationship worsen as Venezuela slipped into a prolonged political and economic crisis marked by hyperinflation, collapsing oil production, mass immigration and widespread human rights abuse.The American response has varied over time, but has generally included only sanctions or diplomatic isolation.In 2019, Donald Trump administration recognized opposition leader as Venezuela's interim president, a move that then Venezuelan president denounced as an attempted coup.Against this backdrop, the American administration renewed a hard line strategy for Venezuela and its political leadership.President Trump has repeatedly accused Maduru and senior official in his government of playing control, I mean playing central rules in large scale drug trafficking operation.This policy move directly correlated to the American military escalation that unfolded in 2025 as the American Navy American state expanded its military presence in Caribbean, deploying its sophisticated naval assets, bomber, worship and marine units in what official described as an intensified counter narcotic campaign to combat what is called narco terrorism.On November 29, 2025, President Trump declared Venezuela airspace closed in a post on his social media platform. President Trump wrote to all airlines, pilots, drugs dealers and human trafficers, please consider the airspace above and surrounding Venezuela to be closed in its entirety.Venezuela condemned that declaration.In October 2025, following the series of boat strikes by the American Navy, the Madurno government requested an emergency meeting of United Nations Security Council in response to what it described as mounting threats from the American state. In the request which was made in a letter Russian ambassador to the UNO and the Security Council President. That letter was addressed to the Russian ambassador and to the Security Council president. Venezuela accused the Trump administration of seeking to overthrow Madurno and of engineering peace, security, stability regionally and internationally. The Venezuelan government also warned of possibility of an armed attack by USA against Venezuela in the near future. The United Nations responded to the American sanction by stating, these actions violate the fundamental international obligation not to intervene in the domestic affairs or threaten to use armed forces against another country. These moves are an extremely dangerous escalation with graves implication for peace and security in the Caribbean region. In addition to the series of boat strikes by the American military on December 10, 2025, a notable incident occurred in which members of the US Coast Guard and special operation unit intercepted an oil tanker off the coast of Venezuela.The vessel called Skipper was a 20 years old ship that had deported a Venezuelan port shortly before being seized. American attorney general released the footage of the raid on the social media platform X, formerly Twitter, showing armed personnel reappelling onto the ship's decks from a helicopter. The American attorney general said that the United States executed a seizure warrant on the vessel and that the tanker has been used to transport sanction oil from Venezuela and Iran. The following day White House press secretary told reporters that the vessel was undergoing for feature process and it would be sent to the US port. In response the Venezuelan government issued a statement condemning the seizure. Venezuela is completely surrounded by the largest American armada that ever assembled in the history of South America. That was the declaration of Donald Trump.He wrote on December 16, 2025 on a social media platform.That means the Venezuela was completely encircled by American Navy and the American Navy was waiting for his green signal to launch a surprise attack.He continued, it will only get bigger, bigger and the shock to them will be like nothing they have ever seen before.No doubt the United States of America is the only military power in the world that can strike at any place, anywhere at its whim. That is a true fact.Trump declared that he would seek to designate the Madurno government as foreign terrorist organization for what he described as the theft of American assets. Now the big question is what will be the next? Few hours ago, the American president declared that American forces entered into the Venezuelan capital and the president was detained and he was captured and the American forces captured him and he was thrown to a undisclosed location. That is the biggest escalation.A president was detained by the army of a foreign state. That to when the president was residing in his official palace. That also confirms that the Venezuela army, armed forces are no match before this blitz creek attack launched by the America. Of course, the American attack flagrantly violate the United Nations charter and international law and amounts to a clear act of aggression. The United naval attacks expanded into the Eastern Pacific Ocean in the late 25. President Trump began openly raising the possibility of using military forces on Venezuelan territory.So unlike Ukraine where at least there are other major states that happen to be the allies of Ukraine, like Germany, Britain, France, Poland, Greece, these states are at least friends of Venezuela. These states are at least the friend of Ukraine and they are supporting Ukrainian.Venezuela has no friends. In the entire Latin American region, no states will come to help or support Venezuela.That is the also reality.Neither Russia would come nor Iran would come to help Venezuela because these two states are militarily not in a position to provide any direct assistance to Venezuela.So now Venezuelan state fate is hanging on balance.The official version is that the America has captured Venezuela's president Nicholas Madurno and his wife and launched a large scale strike against the country. President Trump said Madurno has been flown out of the country, though details remains scarce.Venezuelan government demand immediate proof of life for Madurno and his wife. Earlier Venezuela announced a state of national emergency and said it reject and denounce the military aggression. The latest video footage shows the huge plumes of smoke as the fire rage.That means Americans has launched a full flesh invasion like what the world had seen in Baghdad in 2003. So my belief is that the Americans are attacking the Caracas with drones and Tomahawk cruise missiles.Probably President Maduru would be tried in USA and the American policy would be to install a puppet government in Venezuela that would be a pro-American government.Even before the Venezuelan crisis, the world had seen the Cuban missile crisis in 1962 November.Cuba happened to be a communist state, a frontline state of USSR and USSR secretly installed nuclear missile sites in Cuba to target American cities.But somehow because of diplomacy and good senses that war was averted. Because at that time USSR was directly involved.Now here Venezuela remains the soul state.No major powers would come to assist Venezuela.So we have been told that the delta force, a highly trained force of American Navy that was sent into the heart of Venezuelan capital and extracted the sitting president alone with his wife.It is unlike anything we have seen before.Last time that happened in the capture of the leader Manuel Noriega, the leader of Panama.So he was also captured by Americans.Both men had recently claimed victory in disputed election.Both have been accused by the American government that they were drugs peddlers, they were involved in drug trafficking.So let us see and what would happen. I only wish that the war would not escalate to the another level because that would cause a humanity and crisis in Venezuela.

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Hungarian revolution of 1956Is Revolution was also known as the Hungarian uprising, an attempted Rebellion against the communist government , that came into existence after the World War II. Hungry was an axis ally of Nazi Germany. The USSR occupied Hungary and April 28 government was established. Hungary became a satellite state of USSR. Soviet government was actually a totalitarian government. Hungarian people are descendants of Slavic and Huns. In disrespect remember the cruel rule Attila the Hun. The Hungerian revolution of lasted for l 15 days, until it was crushed by Soviet tanks. Several thousands hungarians lost their lives m several hundred Russians also lost their lives.On 23rd of October 1956, some University students appealed to the civilian population to protest against Russian authoritarian rule the domination of USSR in its geopolitical interest. At that time, Hungary was ruled by a Stalinist government. The students demanded reform on 16 points, but all the students were detained by security guards. The Hungarian people rose against the Communist Party and the secret police of Hungary. And the local communists and secret policemen were executed. A new government was formed under Imrey Negi, who was the liberal man. Under his leadership hungry had withdrawn from Warshaw pact. The new government agreed to hold new election, hungry was heading towards democracy.Initially the USSR agreed negotiate with the new government and accordingly delete Army withdrew. Russians apprehended Hungary embrace the Western block live by USA would be a big threat two dog communist block. So the Russians betrayed the hungarians and hungry was invaded by several Russian divisions. The Hungarian Army was no match before the might of Russian army and after Fierce resistance the hungarians were defeated. The free hungarians were expecting Western help but that did not come. Finally the new government was rendered useless the leaders were arrested and executive latter. The communist government again was installed in Hungary and hungry again became is satellite state of USSR . The Communist rule finally collapse in 1989 after destruction of Berlin Wall. Now Hungary is a Democratic state.

[10/10/2024, 8:51 PM] Sisir Kumar Gogoi: A K Gopalan v The State(1950,S.C.R.88) was a momentous case in the Constitutional history of India.Any discussion/ lecture on the Constitutional law is incomplete without first examining this case, whether critically or analytically.This case was decided at a time When the Country got independence from British rule and The Constitution of India had come into force,and more than it , for the first timea chapter on Fundamental Rights had been incorporated in the Constitution .The Supreme Court got a golden opportunity to interpret the Article 19,21 and 22 expansively against Executive or legislative power of the state.[10/10/2024, 8:51 PM] Sisir Kumar Gogoi: Brief Fact of the case-A K Gopalan,a radical leftist of the Madras Province was detained under the Preventive Detention Act ,1950,and in fact he was detained for several times under the Act.Under Entry 9 of Union list ,the Parliament has the power to enact law on Preventive Detention.Though Preventive Detention is an anathema in modern time,it was justified as a necessary evil to protect the unity and integrity of the state.Even in Britain and America it was used only during the war time ,that too against suspected enemy aliens[10/10/2024, 8:51 PM] Sisir Kumar Gogoi: A K Gopalan filed a habeas Corpus writ petition under Article 32 of the Constitution and challenged the detention ordering a wide ground that the Detention Act ,under which he was detained was void for violating Articles 19 and 21 and also on a narrow ground that it did comply with the requirements of Article 22.Article 22 prescribes certain procedural safeguards against it.Learned Counsel M K Nambiyar on behalf of Gopalan contended that the Detention Act 1959 violated Article 21 and was void on following grounds1.Personal liberty included the freedoms conferred by Article 19(1)(a) to (e) and (g) and the impunged act ( detention act) did not satisfy the test of Article 19(2) to (6).2.The Preventive Detention Act directly violated Gopalans right to move freely , because the freedom of movement is of essence of personal liberty.3.Article 19 (1) and 21 should be read together because Article 19 dealt with substantive rights and Article 21 dealt with procedural rights.4.The reference in Article 21 to Procedure established by law meant due process of law and the Act did not satisfy the requirements of due process of law.5.The word law in Article 21 meant not the state made law but jus naturale ,of the principles of natural justice.The law did not comply with the requirements of Natural justice[10/10/2024, 8:51 PM] Sisir Kumar Gogoi: It will be seen that from 1 to 5 that the proposition that Article 21 applied to the Preventive Detention ,was the foundation of all the reasons,and learned Attorney General M C Seetlevad countered by contending that Article 22 was a complete code and Article 21 didnot apply to Preventive Detention law.All the questions raised some points of immense Constitutional importance and a Six Judge Bench comprising CJI H L J Kania ,Justices P .Shastri ,M C Mahajan,B K Mukherjee ,SS Das and Fazl Ali S was constituted to hear the matters .All the six judges delivered separate judgments after a lengthy hearings .Five learned judges( Fazl Ali dissenting) held that Article 19 did not apply to Preventive Detention thought the freedoms as a result of detention freedoms may be curtailed.Fazl Ali dissented and held that Preventive Detention was a direct infringement of Article 19 and was subject to Judicial review even it was narrowly construed The majority judges did not hold that Article 22 was a complete code ,so they disagreed with learned Attorney General contention and only M C Mahajan alone held Article 22 was a complete code on Preventive Detention.Fazl Ali dissented by holding that " No calamitous or untoward result would follow even if the Provisions of Penal code became justiciable".CJI Kania, and Justices Shastri, Mukherjee and SS Das held the concept of right to move freely throughout the territory of India was entirely different from the Concept of the right to personal liberty.[10/10/2024, 8:51 PM] Sisir Kumar Gogoi: Except Justice M C Mahajan who held that Article 22 was a complete code, majority held that Articles 19 (1) and Article 21 did not operate in the same field, because Article 18 conferred rights only one citizens, article 21 conferred rights on all persons. Again if article 21 conferred only procedural rights then the most precious right the Right to life was nowhere found in our Constitution. Therefore the majority held that Article 21 also conferred substanrive rights also. It may be observed that far from holding that fundamental rights were mutually exclusive, Mukherjee held that a substantive law authorizing the deprivation of life must conform to the requirements of Article 20.[10/10/2024, 8:51 PM] Sisir Kumar Gogoi: CJI Kania, Justices Mukherjee and SR Das held that law in Article 21 had been used in the sense of State made law and not in the embodying the Principle of Natural Justice, and Procedure established by law meant a law made by Union Parliament or by State legislatures. Justice Shastri held that the law meant Positive or state made law and did not mean jus naturale, but the procedure meant well established criminal procedure. Justice Fazl Ali dissented by holding that whatever Procedure established by law may mean, and must include 1 . Notice 2.opportunity to be heard 3.impartial tribunal 4.orderly procedure. So according to fazl Ali a positive law must include jus naturale.[10/10/2024, 8:51 PM] Sisir Kumar Gogoi: The majority judges held that the Procedure established by law didnot mean due process of law as understood in United States of America. The report of Drafting Committe showed that the words Procedure established by law were substituted for the words without due process of law. Our founding fathers were well aware of its abuse by American judges during the New Deal period.[10/10/2024, 8:51 PM] Sisir Kumar Gogoi: So in this case, different views were expressed by different judges, so no common points emerged on the correlation of articles 19 to 20,21 and 22 or the meaning of the expression personal liberty.[10/10/2024, 8:51 PM] Sisir Kumar Gogoi: But Justice Fazl Ali dissenting points are regarded as one of the greatest dissents of all time. Justice R Nariman paid a rich tribute to Fazl Ali foresight by saying "simply takes our breath away".