The Holocaust was the systematic, state-sponsored murder of six million European Jews by Nazi Germany and its allies, rooted in anti-Semitism and culminating in the "final solution" of extermination camps, a tragedy that must never be forgotten.What is Holocaust?And why the Holocaust shall always remain a sector, I mean, one of the terrible sector in the international law. That is we must not forget that Holocaust happened in this world that to in the 20th century.So I will explain what is Holocaust.So Holocaust was the systematic state sponsored murder persecution of 6 million European Jews by the Nazi Germany and its allies and collaborators. That means that the Nazi Germany was not alone who was solely or fully responsible for such a state sponsored genocide.Rather Nazis were helped by their allies and collaborators.So that Holocaust took place in Europe from 1933 to 1945. So we must not forget that decade that the Holocaust have taken place in Europe from 1933 to 1945. So anti-semiticism was the foundation of the Holocaust especially in the Christian world. The anti-semitic was part of their culture.So what is anti-semiticism? Anti-semiticism means the hatred or prejudice against Jews.And that was the basic tenant of Nazi ideology. And that anti-semiticism or hatred against Jews was widespread throughout the Europe. But we must not forget that the hatred against Jews reached USA because of mass immigrations of Christian Europeans to the new world. So anti-semiticism was also prevalent in the Muslim world. I mean in Middle East and other Muslim worlds.Fortunately anti-semiticism was unknown in the Indian subcontinent.So Nazi Germany's persecution of Jews evolved and that became more radical between 1933 to 1945 because in 1933 the Nazi party came to power in Germany. Surprisingly Nazi party came to power in Germany by following the democratic process by winning the election. We know that the Imperial Germany surrendered before the allied in 1918. That was the end of First World War.Thereafter Germany became a republic. But the but the democratic traditions never became stronger in Germany. So during the World War II Nazi Germany means when the Nazi party came to power in Germany the election and opposition parties were banned and Nazi party became the identity of Germany. That's why Germany was known as Nazi Germany. Now point is that what is Nazi party? So Nazi party means National Socialist German Workers Party.That was founded by some Germans that was based on anti-semiticism and the racial supremacy of Germans. Germans were believed to be the pure blooded Aryans and they were destined to rule the world and Germany lost the first to World War because of Jewish conspiracy.So that was their main reason of hatred against Jews.Basically Nazi party was based on propagandas.We know that Adolf Hitler was jailed and during his sentence he wrote an infamous book known as Main Camp in English it is my struggle where he blamed the Jews for all the misfortunes of Germans and the communism or Marxism was nothing but a Jewish conspiracy to rule the world. We all know that Karl Marx was a Jew.He was born in Germany.So we must not forget it.So Jewish conspiracy was widespread according to Hitler. So Jewish race must be exterminated from the world.That was his ideology.And the Christian world, we all know that the Christians always had that hatred against Jews and Muslims also have hatred against Jews. But hatred of Muslims and Christians were even today that are different.So Holocaust, I mean the mass murder of Jews was known as Holocaust.And I already told you that that was the systematic state sponsored program. So United States Holocaust Memorial Museum defined the year of Holocaust at 1933 to 1945 that began in January 1933 when Nazi party came to power and it officially ended in May 1945 when Germany surrendered before the allied. First what happened in Germany when the Nazis came to power in Germany they did not immediately start the mass murder of Jews. However they quickly began using the government to target and exclude Jews from German society. First anti-semitic measures was the Nazi Germany enacted some discriminatory laws against Jews and they encouraged violence against Jews.And it became radical between 1933 and 1945.Whatever we came to know that first the Jews properties were I mean the properties of Jews were taken over by the state and Jewish people were sent to concentration camps.I mean refugee like camps initially.Initially they did not sponsor mass murder.At that time Germany had million Jews.They they were the largest minority and Poland, Ukraine, Hungary, France, Romania, Russia all these states had a large number of Jews.And Jewish were regarded as subhuman by Nazis.And Hitler wanted a world I mean Hitler wanted to kill all the Jews.He imagined a world without a single Jew.That was his ultimate goal and he secretly launched an operation. That operation was known as final solution to the Jewish question. So the final solution was the organized and systematic murder of Jews. And initially Hitler wanted to deport all the Jews to Madagascar. So when the Second World War officially started on 1st September 1939 when Germany invaded Poland and Poland has the highest number of Jews in the Europe I think after Ukraine.So his policy of anti-semiticism became official.So he Hitler implemented the genocide between 1940 to 1945.And now big question is why did the Nazis target Jews?Because Nazis as already being told were radically anti-semitic.Anti-semiticism means the hatred against Jews. There were several conspiracy theories in the Christian world against the Jews. Whatever happened in Europe in middle age everything happened because of Jews. That was the common perception of Christian Europeans because we all know that Europe became a Christian continent that is known as Christianization of Europe. But we must not forget that Jesus Christ the founder of Christianity was also a Jew. So Christians, I mean the Europeans believe that Jewish were the brain behind everything happening Europe. So they immediately blame the Jewish race for anything that happened in Europe. Because the Jews were the most dominant class in Europe.They were traders. There were literatures and basically Jews were traders. And Nazis falsely accused Jews of causing Germany's social economic political and cultural problems and they blamed the Jews for Germany's defeat and anger I mean the common Germans were angry over the loss of war and the economic and political crisis that followed. And ultimately the whole German society became anti-semitic. The Weimar Republic which was established in 1918 totally failed and also the fear of communism and the economic collapse of the world that was known as the Great Depression also contributed to the growing anti-semiticism in Germany. As already been told communism was believed to be a Jewish conspiracy theory to dominate the world. That was a common perception amongst the Germans. But we must not forget that Jewish never invented the anti-semiticism. So anti-semitic is an old and widespread prejudice and that have taken many forms throughout the history.In Middle East as already been told Jewish were the primary targets I mean Jewish were the primary targets of Christian belief and thought. And there was a myth that the Jewish people were responsible for death of Jesus Christ.Suspicion and discrimination rooted in religious prejudice and that continued in early modern Europe from 1400 to 1800. So once the Europe became more secular that too after discovery of new world and the division of Christianity into two major sect Catholic and Protestant. I am again repeating the Christianity officially divided into two sect Catholic and Protestant.So to some extent the anti-semiticism I mean the anti-semiticism I mean the what is called influence of anti-semiticism became weak in Europe. So next after Nazis came to power in Germany the Jewish lost their citizenship. I mean the German Jews lost their citizenship. And many prominent German Jews fled to Britain or USA. Even Albert Einstein who was a German Jew who fled to USA.And Nazi party promoted a particularly violent form of racial anti-semiticism.The Nazis believed that the world was divided into distinct races and some races were superior to others. The Holocaust was a Nazi German initiative that took place throughout the Europe during the peak years of World War II. And after Nazi Germany's territorial expansion that had begun in 1938 once the Austria became a part of Germany next Sudetenland of Czechoslovakia became part of Germany and then Poland Romania and Western European states like France, I mean northern France, Belgium became part of Germany. I mean these states were occupied by Germany including Norway, Denmark etc.So Hitler got enough opportunities to kill the Jews. So between 1933 and 1945 the Nazi Germany and its allies implemented a wide range of anti-Jews policies.As I have told you that Germany had allies in Europe.Hungary, Romania, Italy, these states were German allies. There even initially Yugoslavia was also a German allies but Hungary, Romania and Italy remain staunch German allies and these state supported Adolf Hitler's policy to kill Jews.So now how did Germans kill the Jew? So Nazis final solution to the Jewish question was the deliberate and systematic mass murder of European Jews. It was the last stage of stage of Holocaust that took place from 1941 to 1945.So after occupying the European states Germans established several camps.These camps were known as concentration camp where the Jewish people were transported and they were to work as a forced labors and they were not given foods, clothing etc. And the males, I mean the physically fit Jews were sent to factories to work and women, children and elderly men were kept kept in those detention camps and they were systematically murdered. First the German used gas chambers, machine gun firings and what is called the mass shooting of Jews that happened in Europe. The mass shooting operation took place in more than 1500 cities once the German army entered into the cities of Europe after defeating the governments first they identified the Jews and Germany had a secret army known as SS that SS were unlike regular army soldiers, the main tasks of regular army troops was to fight the enemies and SS and Gestapo, I mean the secret police were given that responsibility to identify the Jews and shoot them. So they first paired the Jews after identification and they were shot. They would then take the Jews resident to the outskirts of the town. Next they would force them to dig a mass grave or to take them to mass graves prepared in advance.Finally the Nazis killed them.Germans also carried out mass shooting at killing sites in occupied Eastern Europe.located near large cities and these cities included Kovno, Rumbula.I mean and some major forest in Ukraine and the Baltic Republics.All these killing field sites were still preserved.Germans and local collaborators murdered tens of thousands of Jews from I mean tens of thousands of Jews in those places.So killing centers in 1941, I mean in the late 1941 Nazi regime began building specially designated, I mean design killing centers in German occupied Poland.In English language, these camps were known as extermination camps or death camp or we may call it the concentration camp.So Nazi Germany operated five such killing centers and most notorious was the Austish Birkenau camps of Poland. They built this killing centers for sole purpose of efficiently murdering Jews on a large scale.The primary means of murder at the killing center was poisonous gas released into sealed gas chambers or vans. Even they used the vacuum to murder Jews. German authorities with the helps of their allies first identified the Jews. Next the Jews were transported from across the Europe to these killing centers. Mostly the Jews were transported on rails, buses, etc.They disguised their intention by calling the transports to the killing centers a resettlement action or evacuation transport.In English, they are often referred as deportation.But actually they were deported to those concentration camps and those unfortunate Jews people never returned. They all were killed.Only few survived.Now the big point is why did the allies ignore? No allies, I mean the British forces, Americans and Russians did not ignore it.But unlike today at that time they had no intelligence report to confirm it.Once Germans were retreating and the allies were advancing, Russians were advancing from east. The British and Americans were rapidly advancing from western side and the defeat of Germany became imminent. The allies discovered such camps and they were shocked to see such inhuman brutal acts against the Jews. On many occasions, the rapidly advancing allied troops recovered some camps and they found skeleton like Jews who were surviving and the Germans were retreating because they did not get enough time to kill those unfortunate Jews. And these were big shockers to humanity. I mean humanity was shocked and some western writers wrote that was a death of humanity in Europe.The vast majority of Jews deported to killing centers were gassed almost immediately after their arrival. So nearly three million Jews were murdered at the five concentration camps. Ghettoes were areas of cities or town where the Germans occupiers forced Jews to live in overcrowded and unsanitary conditions.We may compare those conditions is today's Gaza.In Gaza just east of Israel where Palestinians are residing in that narrow and dirty city.Now that Gaza has been totally destroyed by relentless Israeli bombings.So I cannot explain the life in ghettoes. So it is beyond my imagination or your imagination that what happened in those ghettoes. I can only say that humanity died in those camps and Hitler or Nazi party were curses to humanity. And the anti-semitism, I mean that the killing of Jews officially ended with the surrender of Germany in May and after that the allies decided to try them. That's why this event shall always remain a darkest sector in human history that is Holocaust.

Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

Judicial Conundrum in India

Recently one fire incident in the official resident of Justice Yashwanta Varma led to recovery of crores of burnt notes not only  shocking but also shook people's confidence in higher Judiciary as an infallible institution .One store room of justice Yashwanta Sinha was caught fire while he was not in his resident,and fire brigade came to extinguish fire and crores of burnt notes were recovered.Justice Varma was not in Delhi for any kind of comments at that time.Once he was a contacted ,he immediately denied his involvement in that incident rather he alleged that it was a conspiracy to tarnish his image.The Chief Justice Of India constituted a high powered committe ,consisting of two Chief Justices of High Courts and one sitting judge of a High Court.to enquire the alleged recovery of money.The Supreme Court Collegium recommended his immediate  transfer to Allahabad High Court ,which triggered a hugh protest initiated by Allahabad Bar Association against that transfer,that Alla...
Read more

Hungarian revolution of 1956Is Revolution was also known as the Hungarian uprising, an attempted Rebellion against the communist government , that came into existence after the World War II. Hungry was an axis ally of Nazi Germany. The USSR occupied Hungary and April 28 government was established. Hungary became a satellite state of USSR. Soviet government was actually a totalitarian government. Hungarian people are descendants of Slavic and Huns. In disrespect remember the cruel rule Attila the Hun. The Hungerian revolution of lasted for l 15 days, until it was crushed by Soviet tanks. Several thousands hungarians lost their lives m several hundred Russians also lost their lives.On 23rd of October 1956, some University students appealed to the civilian population to protest against Russian authoritarian rule the domination of USSR in its geopolitical interest. At that time, Hungary was ruled by a Stalinist government. The students demanded reform on 16 points, but all the students were detained by security guards. The Hungarian people rose against the Communist Party and the secret police of Hungary. And the local communists and secret policemen were executed. A new government was formed under Imrey Negi, who was the liberal man. Under his leadership hungry had withdrawn from Warshaw pact. The new government agreed to hold new election, hungry was heading towards democracy.Initially the USSR agreed negotiate with the new government and accordingly delete Army withdrew. Russians apprehended Hungary embrace the Western block live by USA would be a big threat two dog communist block. So the Russians betrayed the hungarians and hungry was invaded by several Russian divisions. The Hungarian Army was no match before the might of Russian army and after Fierce resistance the hungarians were defeated. The free hungarians were expecting Western help but that did not come. Finally the new government was rendered useless the leaders were arrested and executive latter. The communist government again was installed in Hungary and hungry again became is satellite state of USSR . The Communist rule finally collapse in 1989 after destruction of Berlin Wall. Now Hungary is a Democratic state.

Read more

[10/10/2024, 8:51 PM] Sisir Kumar Gogoi: A K Gopalan v The State(1950,S.C.R.88) was a momentous case in the Constitutional history of India.Any discussion/ lecture on the Constitutional law is incomplete without first examining this case, whether critically or analytically.This case was decided at a time When the Country got independence from British rule and The Constitution of India had come into force,and more than it , for the first timea chapter on Fundamental Rights had been incorporated in the Constitution .The Supreme Court got a golden opportunity to interpret the Article 19,21 and 22 expansively against Executive or legislative power of the state.[10/10/2024, 8:51 PM] Sisir Kumar Gogoi: Brief Fact of the case-A K Gopalan,a radical leftist of the Madras Province was detained under the Preventive Detention Act ,1950,and in fact he was detained for several times under the Act.Under Entry 9 of Union list ,the Parliament has the power to enact law on Preventive Detention.Though Preventive Detention is an anathema in modern time,it was justified as a necessary evil to protect the unity and integrity of the state.Even in Britain and America it was used only during the war time ,that too against suspected enemy aliens[10/10/2024, 8:51 PM] Sisir Kumar Gogoi: A K Gopalan filed a habeas Corpus writ petition under Article 32 of the Constitution and challenged the detention ordering a wide ground that the Detention Act ,under which he was detained was void for violating Articles 19 and 21 and also on a narrow ground that it did comply with the requirements of Article 22.Article 22 prescribes certain procedural safeguards against it.Learned Counsel M K Nambiyar on behalf of Gopalan contended that the Detention Act 1959 violated Article 21 and was void on following grounds1.Personal liberty included the freedoms conferred by Article 19(1)(a) to (e) and (g) and the impunged act ( detention act) did not satisfy the test of Article 19(2) to (6).2.The Preventive Detention Act directly violated Gopalans right to move freely , because the freedom of movement is of essence of personal liberty.3.Article 19 (1) and 21 should be read together because Article 19 dealt with substantive rights and Article 21 dealt with procedural rights.4.The reference in Article 21 to Procedure established by law meant due process of law and the Act did not satisfy the requirements of due process of law.5.The word law in Article 21 meant not the state made law but jus naturale ,of the principles of natural justice.The law did not comply with the requirements of Natural justice[10/10/2024, 8:51 PM] Sisir Kumar Gogoi: It will be seen that from 1 to 5 that the proposition that Article 21 applied to the Preventive Detention ,was the foundation of all the reasons,and learned Attorney General M C Seetlevad countered by contending that Article 22 was a complete code and Article 21 didnot apply to Preventive Detention law.All the questions raised some points of immense Constitutional importance and a Six Judge Bench comprising CJI H L J Kania ,Justices P .Shastri ,M C Mahajan,B K Mukherjee ,SS Das and Fazl Ali S was constituted to hear the matters .All the six judges delivered separate judgments after a lengthy hearings .Five learned judges( Fazl Ali dissenting) held that Article 19 did not apply to Preventive Detention thought the freedoms as a result of detention freedoms may be curtailed.Fazl Ali dissented and held that Preventive Detention was a direct infringement of Article 19 and was subject to Judicial review even it was narrowly construed The majority judges did not hold that Article 22 was a complete code ,so they disagreed with learned Attorney General contention and only M C Mahajan alone held Article 22 was a complete code on Preventive Detention.Fazl Ali dissented by holding that " No calamitous or untoward result would follow even if the Provisions of Penal code became justiciable".CJI Kania, and Justices Shastri, Mukherjee and SS Das held the concept of right to move freely throughout the territory of India was entirely different from the Concept of the right to personal liberty.[10/10/2024, 8:51 PM] Sisir Kumar Gogoi: Except Justice M C Mahajan who held that Article 22 was a complete code, majority held that Articles 19 (1) and Article 21 did not operate in the same field, because Article 18 conferred rights only one citizens, article 21 conferred rights on all persons. Again if article 21 conferred only procedural rights then the most precious right the Right to life was nowhere found in our Constitution. Therefore the majority held that Article 21 also conferred substanrive rights also. It may be observed that far from holding that fundamental rights were mutually exclusive, Mukherjee held that a substantive law authorizing the deprivation of life must conform to the requirements of Article 20.[10/10/2024, 8:51 PM] Sisir Kumar Gogoi: CJI Kania, Justices Mukherjee and SR Das held that law in Article 21 had been used in the sense of State made law and not in the embodying the Principle of Natural Justice, and Procedure established by law meant a law made by Union Parliament or by State legislatures. Justice Shastri held that the law meant Positive or state made law and did not mean jus naturale, but the procedure meant well established criminal procedure. Justice Fazl Ali dissented by holding that whatever Procedure established by law may mean, and must include 1 . Notice 2.opportunity to be heard 3.impartial tribunal 4.orderly procedure. So according to fazl Ali a positive law must include jus naturale.[10/10/2024, 8:51 PM] Sisir Kumar Gogoi: The majority judges held that the Procedure established by law didnot mean due process of law as understood in United States of America. The report of Drafting Committe showed that the words Procedure established by law were substituted for the words without due process of law. Our founding fathers were well aware of its abuse by American judges during the New Deal period.[10/10/2024, 8:51 PM] Sisir Kumar Gogoi: So in this case, different views were expressed by different judges, so no common points emerged on the correlation of articles 19 to 20,21 and 22 or the meaning of the expression personal liberty.[10/10/2024, 8:51 PM] Sisir Kumar Gogoi: But Justice Fazl Ali dissenting points are regarded as one of the greatest dissents of all time. Justice R Nariman paid a rich tribute to Fazl Ali foresight by saying "simply takes our breath away".

Read more